Rashidun Caliphate Flag (651–661)

The Rashidun Caliphate Flag (651–661) is traditionally a black war banner, known as Al-Raya (The Banner). This version of the flag features the Shahada (Islamic Creed) in white Kufic script, which reads:
"There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His Messenger". The Rashidun Caliphate, established after the fall of the Sassanian Empire, ruled Persia and much of the Middle East under Caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. The black color symbolized military strength, jihad (struggle in the path of Islam), and unity under Islam. The Shahada inscription became a fundamental element in later Islamic dynasties, influencing flags used by the Abbasids and other Caliphates.